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also possible that freshwater plumes, such
as that produced by the modern Congo
River [56], provided corridors of brackish
surface water that could have permitted
migration by freshwater taxa across a nar-
rower marine barrier during the Palaeogene.
Coeval examples of migration provide
circumstantial evidence for the possibil-
ity of trans-Atlantic dispersal, and geo-
graphical factors during the Eocene would
appear to have facilitated the crossing,
but cichlid migration across the south
Atlantic and other marine barriers never-
theless remains an extraordinary claim.
However, the evolutionary time scale
inferred for cichlids on the basis of both
fossils and molecules demands that this
hypothesis is given serious considera-
tion rather than being dismissed a priori.
Our estimation of consistent palaeonto-
logical and molecular ages for the origin of
cichlids adds to a growing number of stud-
ies reporting close congruence between
divergence time estimates from ‘rocks’ and
‘clocks’, in cases where these approaches
had previously delivered wildly different
evolutionary time scales [57]. This conver-
gence would seem to signal the end of an
era dominated by debates on the relative
merits of molecular and fossil data, per-
mitting molecular biologists and palaeon-
tologists to move forward on addressing
questions related to the timing of major
events underpinning the origin of modern
biodiversity.
Acknowledgements:
We thank J Friel of the Cornell University Museum of
Vertebrates, USA, and AC Bentley and E O Wiley of
the Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas,
USA for generous gifts of tissue specimens. G
Watkins-Colwell assisted with museum collections.
G Lloyd and D Bellwood commented on previous
cichlidpower.org.au
versions of this work, and we thank A Murray and M
Vences for their insightful reviews and J Hutchinson
for editorial assistance.
Funding statement:
This research was supported by the Peabody
Museum of Natural History and grants awarded to
PCW and TJN from the National Science Foundation,
USA (DEB-0444842, DEB-0716155, DEB-0717009,
DEB-0732642, ANT-0839007, DEB-1060869, DEB-
1061806 and DEB-1061981). MF is supported by
the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC
NE/I005536/1). CHM was supported by the National
Geographic Society (Young Explorers Grant) and the
American Philosophical Society (Lewis and Clark
Field Grant).
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